May Day is related to the Celtic festival of Beltane and the German festival of Walpurgis Night.
May Day falls exactly half a year from November 1, another cross-quarter day which is also associated with various northern European pagan and neopagan festivals such as Samhain. May Day marks the end of the unfarmable winter half of the year in the Northern hemisphere, and it has traditionally been an occasion for popular, and often raucous, celebrations.
As Europe became Christianized, the pagan holidays lost their religious character and either changed into popular secular celebrations, as with May Day, or became merged with or replaced by new Christian holidays as with Christmas, Easter, Pentecost and All Saint's Day.
In the twentieth century, many neopagans began reconstructing the old traditions and celebrating May Day as a pagan religious festival again.
The earliest May Day celebrations were held in pre-Christian times, with the festival of Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers, and the Walpurgis Night celebrations of the German speaking countries. It is also associated with the Gaelic Beltane. Many pagan celebrations were abandoned or became Christianized during the process of conversion in Europe . A more secular version of May Day continues to be observed in Europe and America . In this form, May Day may be best known for its tradition of dancing the maypole dance and crowning of the Queen of the May. Various Neopagan groups celebrate - reconstructed to varying degrees and versions - these customs on May 1st.
The day was a traditional summer holiday in many pre-Christian European pagan cultures. While February 1 was the first day of Spring, May 1st was the first day of summer; hence, the summer solstice on June 25th (now June 21st) was Midsummer.
In the Roman Catholic tradition, May is observed as Mary's month, and in these circles May Day is usually a celebration of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In this connection, in works of art, school skits, and so forth, Mary's head will often be adorned with flowers in a May crowning. Fading in popularity since the late 20th century is the giving of "May baskets," these are small baskets of sweets and/or flowers, usually left anonymously on neighbours' doorsteps.
